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第一章 高卢人
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&evideningGallicwarriorsinItaly–andtheirnakedness–aterracottafriezefoundatCivitalbaiesfromalmostaturyafterthebattleontheAllia，andwhichmatchesawritteionofGallicwarriorsatthebattleofTelamon，foughtsomeseveer.AfullatofwhatisknownaboutItaly’sCelticpeoplesaruggleswithRomeisofferedbyJ.H.C.WilliamsiheRubiansandGaulsinRepubliItaly（2001）.WilliamsstronglyfavoursJuly387BCasthedateforthebattleontheAllia（whichcouldtheoreticallyhavetakenplaJuly386instead）.IItaliabyMariaTeresaGrassi（Milan2009）desdsdisonegraves.Barryliffe’sTheAs（1991）remainsathesubjedPeterBerresfordEllis，ABriefHistoryoftheDruids（2002）thoughmoretroversial，htsiicsociety.ItisElliswhopointsoutthatthenameBrennusprobablymeantking.FortheebetweeiiguagesseeNipiresuageHistoryoftheWorld（2006）.
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T.J.ell，TheBeginningsofRome:ItalyaheBrohePunicWars（c.1000–264BC）（1995）providesanencyclopaeditofRins，topography，defeyandpolitigclearlywiththeplexargumentsthatsurroundeveryissue，aailsinthischapteraredrawnfromell’sat.GaryForsythe，ACriticalHistoryofEarlyRome，fromPrehistorytotheFirstPunicWar（2006）offersausefuladditiontoell’swork.MaryBeard，S.P.Q.R.AHistoryofARome（2015）addsfasgfurtherinsightsintoRome’searlyyears.
OnRomans’earlybeliefsseeMaryBeard，JohnNorthandSimonPrice，ReligionsofRome，VolumeI，aHistory（1998）.TheparisohosandclassicalItaliancitiesisdrawnfromAndrewWallace-Hadrill’sHousesayinPompeiiandHereum（1994）.OnRomaseeFabioParasecoli，AlDeoryofFoodinItaly（2amesandtheprotheeseeFilippoCoarelli，RomeandEnviricalguide，trans.JamesL.dDanielP.Harmon（2014）andH.H.Scullard，FestivalsandiesoftheRomanRepublic，（1981）.ForearlyVeiiseeH.H.Scullard’sTheEtrusdRome（1967）.
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&hatlaterRomanswovemisleadingstoriesfrommisuoodinssoempleofJuaisproposedbyGaryForsythe.J.H.C.WilliamsdetailsevideheRomanspaidofftheGaulsandthatallofthegtheayhavefallentotheWilliamsalsooffersanintriguiheGreekcityofDelphi，whichwasattaturyafterRome，in279BC，byGauls，alsoledbyaking，Brennus，andaboutwhichstoriesofaheroicholdoutalsogrewup，despiteevideheGaulswerevictoriousandpaidoff.WilliamssuggestsLivy’sstoriesmayhavebeehisGreekheroition.
第二章 哥特人
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OtozaseePeterLongeririchHimmler（2013）;EugeneDollmann，UnSchiavoLibero（1968）andEugeneDollman，RomaNazista（2002）.DollmanellerandhadeveryreasontodistancehimselffromHimmler，whoemployedDollmannashispersonalItalianinformantforsomeyears，sohistaleoftheFrenerisquestiohereisnodoubtthatHimmlercametozathatmtoseeAlaric’ssupposedgrave.AyearandahalflaterhepressuredtheItalianpolicechief，Boi，toseozatosearchforit.
iheirstruggleswiththeRomaheevolutiohs，Alaric’sprogresstoRomeandthelikelypositiohatfollowedhim，seePeterHeather，TheGoths（1996）;GothsandRomans332–489（1991）andalsohismagraitofthisera，TheFalloftheRomanEmpire，Aory（2005）.IerHeathersuggestsStiliadehisseeminglystraogotowarwiththeEasternRomanEmpirebecausehecouldseetroubleingontheRhiieraoaugmenthistroopsbytakiiheBalkansthathadpassedtotheEasterheneedfermaokeeptheirfollowerssuppliedwithplunderseealsoE.A.ThompsohsiimeofUlfila（1966）.
OheEmpire’slatefourth-turydtheWesterualfall，HeatheremphasizestheadvancesmadebyGermaheybeerousaeslargeraianalysisfoanweaknessesbefoundinAdrianGoldsworthy:HowRomeFell:DeathofaSuperpoldsworthyemphasizestheroleoftheEmpire’stcivilwarsandalsofulmilitaryinnovationsthatappearedihotablytheteohousetroopsawayfromthefroies，wheretheymayhavebeedistraforts.
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&h-e’stopographytheclassiainsRichardKrautheimer，Rome，ProfileofaCity，312–1308（1980）.AaentthatfocusesmorearchaeologicaldiscoveriesbefoundinBryanerkins，FromClassitiquitytotheMiddleAges，UrbanPubliginNortheraly，AD300–850（OxfordHistoriographs）（1984）.Adetailedaodatestudyfricalviewpointisofferedbyie，Frometne，anArchaeologicalHistoryofItalyAd300–800（2006）.
OnordinarylifeinRitsimperialglorydaysthebestsiisstillJér?meo’sDailyLifeiRome，thePeopleatheheightoftheEmpire，tra.Rowell（1975）.MoreretportraitsofclassieatitsheightioAngela，ADayintheLifeofARome（2011）.Forallaspeeihtury，ingitswalls，itsarchitecture，amey，goveraalRepublipoliticalposts，seeBertrandLaeAntiquity，EverydayLifeandUrbange，AD312–609，trans.AntoniaNewell（2000）.Omarbles，seeAmandaClaridge，Rome，anicalGuide（1998）.TheitineraryofRome’samenitiesisfromLan?on.
ForthedomestiperialgoverseeAndrewWallace-Hadrill，‘TheImperialTheCambridgeAory，X，TheAugustineEmpire，43BC–69AD（1996）.FortheHouseofRomulusseeClaridge.ForthedemiseofRomahemadingoftheLaureolusdramaofthelatefirstturyAD，seeo.Forthefrailtiesofthe，seeDavidKarmon，TheRuiernaltiquityaioninRenaissane（2011）.ForitsesseeAlberto，whooffersavividatoflathearena.ForValentianI’switchtrialsofsenators（AD369–371）seeLan?on.FornewimperialarchitecturalstylesthatusedvaultedcreteseeWilliamL.Maald，TheArchiteanEmpire，Volume1，anIntrodu（1965）.Ohatsomethibadlywrongwiththeheon’sportico，seeClaridge.Onhowartandinssgrewcruderdurihirdturydalsoonpagaheirdemise，seeRobinLaneFox，PagansandsierraneanWorld，Fromthe2uryADtotheofe（1986）.Onaristoans’viewsonsexseeAheearlyChurch’sdistasteforsexofalmostanykind，seeLaneFox.
ForthedemiseofpaganismseeReligionsofRome，VolumeI，aHistory，byMaryBeard，JohnNorthandSimonPrice（1998）andJandCapital，Romeihtury（2000），whichsubreathihiselusiveera.Oiansfouhedrals（ihahoughoheywouldhavebeenoutsideRomaoo）seePeterBrown，‘Sorcery，DemonsandtheRiseofity:fromlaterAntiquityintotheMiddleAges’ierBrionaheAgeofAugustine（1972）.Forthedisplatelsbymartyrsaints，andalsoforsecuritymeasuresusedtorestrainover-zealouspilgrimsfrsaints’remaierBrowoftheSaints，itsRiseandFunLatinity（1981）.FortheredisdiioyrsaintsforRomebyBishopDamasus，aer’sroleasgatekeepertoheavehaeoftheMartyrs:Saints，dRelics，FourthtoSeveuries’inRomaFelix–FormatioionsofMediaevalRome，ed.éamáinandandeVegvar（2008）.ForthelikelihoodthatStPeteroRome，andforPopePiusXII’sexsbearofStPeter’s，seeR.J.B.Bosworth，WhisperingeanditsHistories（2011）.OweenrivaldidatestobebishopofRomesee.
OnRome’saquedudbaths，seeKrautheimer.OnRome’sfoodddistribution，seeLan?ohe’ssuper-ri?onandperialRomanfood，diiesandhautee，ingrecipes，seePatrickFaas，Arouable，trans.ShaunWhiteside（1994）.OnRomasseeo.OhinessofRomeseeVivianNuttohoughtsonUrbanpollution’inValerieM.HopeandEireannMarshall（eds），DeathaheAy（2009）andalsoNevilleMorley，‘TheSalubriousheRomanHelenKing（ed.），HealthinAntiquity（2005）.OnmalariaseeRobertSallares，MalariaaoryofMalariaiCity（2002）.Ondoedie，seeRalphJa，DodDiseaseintheRomanEmpire（1988）.ForslavesseeKeithBradley，SlaveryaRome（1994）.Oivelaehestreets，aerlegalindependenenintheEmpire’sheyday，seeo.
&lesoverthestatueofVidatofflictsbetweenAsdtheirlesszealousrelatives，ahier，arebothdrawnfrom.AlsofromestheintriguingnotionthatValeriusPiniaheYouodivestthemselvesoftheirwealthwasafathefallofStilidsohelpedbringaboutAlaric’sattae.LikewisefromesthewillingnessofmoderateRomans，aiaannostalgiaintheirlives.
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